Loading Linux Images via Ethernet and TFTP (uClinux)

Owned by Natalia Sofronova
Last updated: May 24, 2024
8 min read

This note explains how to load images to the target via Ethernet. With an Ethernet connection available, U-Boot can load images from a TFTP host quickly and easily. This is the development and software manufacturing option that is preferable with U-Boot and Linux.

The download procedure is based on the tftpboot command provided by the U-Boot command interface. tftboot implements a download capability over Ethernet using the TFTP protocol and has the following synopsis:

tftpboot <file> [<load_addr>]

If you do not specify a load address, then the value will be taken from the loadaddr environment variable. On the STM32H7 SOM board, loadaddr is set as follows, placing the download buffer into the on-module SDRAM:

STM32H7-SOM U-Boot > print loadaddr loadaddr=0xD0C00000

The MAC address of the Ethernet interface is defined by the ethaddr environment variable.The IP address of the board is defined by the ipaddr U-Boot environment variable. The TFTP server IP address is defined by the serverip U-Boot environment variable. Make sure you define these environment variables to values that make sense for your LAN and save them into the QSPI Flash:

STM32H7-SOM U-Boot > env default -a ## Resetting to default environment STM32H7-SOM U-Boot > setenv ethaddr 12:34:56:78:9a:bc STM32H7-SOM U-Boot > setenv ipaddr 172.17.0.66 STM32H7-SOM U-Boot > setenv serverip 172.17.0.1 STM32H7-SOM U-Boot > saveenv Saving Environment to UBI... ubi0: detaching mtd2 ubi0: mtd2 is detached ubi0: default fastmap pool size: 256 ubi0: default fastmap WL pool size: 128 ubi0: attaching mtd2 ubi0: scanning is finished ubi0: attached mtd2 (name "system", size 31 MiB) ubi0: PEB size: 4096 bytes (4 KiB), LEB size: 3968 bytes ubi0: min./max. I/O unit sizes: 1/256, sub-page size 1 ubi0: VID header offset: 64 (aligned 64), data offset: 128 ubi0: good PEBs: 7936, bad PEBs: 0, corrupted PEBs: 0 ubi0: user volume: 5, internal volumes: 1, max. volumes count: 23 ubi0: max/mean erase counter: 2/1, WL threshold: 4096, image sequence number: 0 ubi0: available PEBs: 989, total reserved PEBs: 6947, PEBs reserved for bad PEB handling: 0 Writing to redundant UBI... done OK

Once the transmission using tftpboot finishes, the file will be in memory at the specified load address. The loadaddr environment variable will automatically be set to the address the tftpboot command used. The filesize environment variable will automatically be set to the number of bytes transferred during the load operation.

Then you are free to do whatever you like with the loaded image. You can boot Linux from the image (assuming it is a Linux uImage file), display the memory, etc.

One typical command sequence involving tftpboot is defined in the netboot environment variable, which by default is set in U-Boot as follows:

What netboot does is load from tftpdir in a TFTP host a file defined by image (the tftp command), then add the TCP/IP related parameters to the kernel command string (addip), and finally boot Linux from the just loaded image (bootm).

Let's use netboot to boot Linux via TFTP from the sample Linux image (rootfs.uImage) included in the Emcraft software distribution. Copy rootfs.uImage to the appropriate (tftpdir) TFTP directory on the host and then from U-Boot on the target set the image environment variable to point to the image:

Here are some troubleshooting tips, in case tftpboot does not work for you from U-Boot:

  1. As trivial as it sounds make sure that the board is connected to the LAN with an Ethernet cable.

  2. Suppose you are still not getting your file from the TFTP server. It is possible that the problem is on the host side - you must set up a TFTP server correctly. Just google for "how to set up a tftp server" and follow the advice from some top articles.

  3. Make sure you have copied a file you are trying to download to the TFTP server directory on the host.

  4. Disable the firewall on the host since get enabled, it will block TFTP requests from the target.

  5. On the target, make sure that you have set ipaddr and serverip correctly. Check ethaddr and make sure that you don't have another embedded board (eg. another STM32H7 SOM board) configured for the same MAC address.